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丹育猪以高产着名于世，但由于猪场建设、饲养管理等诸多方面的挑战，让丹育猪在中国的生产性能未能达到预期，但丹育种猪在中国养猪业的受青睐程度仍越来越高。猪译馆特收集整理了一系列丹育相关资料，目前正在转载由喜肉科技携手英联饲料和华扬种猪联合推出的丹麦养猪研究中心制作的丹育《产房管理手册》，敬请关注。
编者的话 Editor's Note
产房是一个猪场生产的中心，从产奶断奶的母猪的质量会影响到上游配怀母猪的性能，而仔猪的质量也会影响下游保育和育肥的生产指标，因此正确的产房管理是做好整个生产管理的基础。本手册将对产房的各项工作进行详细的讲解，其中很多章节图文并茂可以直接作为SOP使用。
9. “奶妈”母猪
NURSE SOWS
9.1
“奶妈”母猪可以帮忙哺育多余的新生仔猪。选择最佳“奶妈”母猪的条件：
A Nurse Sow For Newborn Piglets Can Save Excess Piglets At Birth. An Optimum Nurse Sow:
1. 第一胎或者第二胎的母猪。
Is a first or second parity sow.
2. 阶梯“奶妈” 母猪应为刚分娩4-8天的母猪。
Is a two-step nurse sow that farrowed 4 - 8 daysago.
3. 愿意接纳新的仔猪。
Accepts the piglets.
4. 有可供给新仔猪的有效乳头。
Has a good body condition score.
5. 母性好，能够照顾好自己仔猪的母猪。
Has taken good care of its own piglets.
6. 新哺乳的仔猪总数不超过“奶妈”母猪之前哺育 的仔猪数。
Is not given more piglets than it has given away.
7. 确保仔猪已获得足够的初乳并且生长发育良好。
Nursing piglets have received colostrum and are viable.
8. 如果是小产房的生产方式，可以将“奶妈”母猪转 到新仔猪群中去。
Is moved to the piglets if sectioned operation is practised.
7.2
以下情况是不合格的“奶妈”母猪：
An Inadequate Nurse Sow
1. 老母猪。
Is an old sow.
2. 在将新生仔猪转入前，母猪已经泌乳三个星 期。
Has already lactated for three weeks before receiving the newborn piglets.
3. 不接受新的仔猪。
Does not accept the piglets.
4. 太瘦或者太肥。
Is skinny or very fat.
5. 生病。
Is sick.
“奶妈”母猪接受了新的仔猪
The nurse sow has accepted the piglets
“奶妈”母猪不接受新的仔猪
The nurse sow has not accepted the piglets
7.3
补充说明-“奶妈”母猪
Additional Comments - Nurse Sows
第一胎或者第二胎的母猪往往会较容易接受新的 仔猪。在腹泻的猪群中，使用头胎母猪作“奶妈” 母猪会出现问题。产过两胎以上的母猪，如果之 前做过“奶妈”母猪，其也能够很快的接受新的仔 猪。
A first or second parity sow usually accepts the piglets within reasonable time. In herds with diarrhoea, using first parity sows as nurse sows may cause problems. It is furthermore likely that a sow older than second parity, that has previously made a good nurse sow, will quickly accept new piglets.
泌乳4-8天的母猪比哺乳21日龄的母猪更易接受1 日龄的仔猪。因此，把作为第二“奶妈”的21日龄 仔猪断奶，再将作为第一“奶妈”的4-8日龄的仔猪 转到第二“奶妈”处。然后，第一“奶妈”母猪就可 以哺育那些已从自己母亲那获得初乳的新生仔 猪。
A sow that has had 4 - 8 days of lactation is better at accepting day-old piglets than a sow that has given up 21-day-old piglets. Therefore, let the intermediate nurse sow wean its piglets at min. 21 days and give it 4-8-day-old piglets from the nurse sow. The nurse sow then becomes nurse sow to excess newborn piglets that have received colostrum from their own mother.
给母猪一些秸秆以使其保持安静。如果在开始的 一小时内保留“奶妈”母猪的 1-2 头仔猪在原圈中， 则新转来的仔猪将会更快的找到乳头。
Give the sow some straw to keep it calm her. If 1 - 2 of the sows own piglets stay in the litter for the first hour, the new piglets will be quicker in getting to the udder.
“奶妈”母猪必须有适合寄养仔猪的乳房，小的乳 头对应小的仔猪，大的乳头对应大的仔猪。检查 挡板/栏架是否挡住了仔猪接近乳房。
The nurse sow must have an udder that fits the nursing piglets: small teats for small piglets, large teats for large piglets. Check whether the pen partitions obstruct the piglets’ access to the udder.
“奶妈” 母猪，尤其是第二 “奶妈” 母猪，一定要 有良好的体况和食欲，这样才能够完成额外的哺乳。
The nurse sow, and especially the intermediate nurse sow, must have a good body condition score and a healthy appetite to be able to handle the extra nursing period.
第一和第二“奶妈”母猪必须首先要能够照顾好自 己的仔猪，这表明其泌乳性能好。
The nurse sow and the intermediate nurse sow must have taken good care of their own piglets, so that they have proven a good milk yield.
新转入的仔猪不要多于“奶妈”母猪之前带奶的仔 猪数。第一和第二“奶妈”母猪不可能有比移走的 仔猪数更多的有效乳头数。
Do not give a nurse sow more piglets than the sow had previously. The nurse sow and the intermediate nurse sow do not have more active mammary glands than the number of piglets moved from them.
在确保新生仔猪吃到初乳后再移出，换言之，新 生仔猪12小时后才可以进行转移。所有需要奶妈 的新生仔猪必须在出生36小时内移出，36小时之 后再移出就太迟了。如果母猪所产的仔猪数多于 它的乳头数，那么最小的仔猪就抢不到乳头，吃 不到初乳。在转入仔猪后，一般要经过3-8小时， 第一和第二“奶妈”母猪才会开始给转入的新仔 猪哺乳，所以转入的仔猪必须要足够的强壮才能 坚持这么长的时间。
Do not move the nursing piglets from their mother before they have taken in colostrum, i.e. nursing piglets can be moved 12 hours after birth. All nursing piglets should be moved within 36 hours after birth. After 36 hours, it is too late to cross-foster. If the sow had more piglets than it had teats for, the smallest piglets will not have received colostrum. Often 3 - 8 hours will pass before the nursing sow and intermediate sow give the piglets milk for the first time, and nursing piglets must be strong enough to wait that long.
在小产房的生产体系中，由于“奶妈”母猪携带的病原比仔猪少，将第一和第二“奶妈”母猪转入仔猪出生的产房，确保仔猪可以和其它的仔猪同时断奶。
In a sectioned system, move the nurse sow and the intermediate nurse sow to a pen in the section where the piglets were born. The nurse sow brings fewer pathogen bacteria than the piglets. The piglets are then weaned at the same time as the other piglets in the section.
注意：给第二 “奶妈” 母猪的仔猪断奶和第二 “奶 妈” 母猪不哺育新转入的仔猪，都会刺激其发情， 结果导致第二 “奶妈” 母猪或寄养母猪会在断奶当 天发情或比其它当日正常断奶的母猪发情时间晚。建议用 “A” 来标示这些 “奶妈” 母猪，这样在配 种舍也可特别注意。
Note that transfer of piglets and the period in which the sow does not nurse can initiate heat in sows that are weaning their own piglets. As a result, the nurse sow or the foster sow may reach heat on the day of weaning or later than the other sows weaned that day. It is recommended to mark the nurse sows with an A so that extra attention can be paid to those in the service facility
参见26 - 产房和其它单元的交流。
See 26 - communication between the farrowing facility and other sections.
10. 给弱小仔猪的“奶妈”
NURSE SOW FOR UNDERWEIGHT PIGLETS
10.1
必须确保那些最弱小的仔猪可以摄入初乳和 乳。将最小的仔猪放在给弱小仔猪安排的“奶 妈”母猪那哺乳，但要保证“奶妈”母猪能给 弱小仔猪提供初乳。
The smallest piglets in particular must be assured of colostrum and access to milk. Place the smallest piglets with a nurse sow for underweight piglets, but ensure that the nurse sow supplies colostrum to the piglets.
10.1 对于弱小的仔猪而言，最佳“奶妈”母猪的条件如下：
An Optimum Nurse Sow For Underweight Piglets：
1. 可以是一头刚刚结束分娩的母猪（这样弱小的仔 猪就可在出生后立即送到“奶妈”母猪处进行哺 乳）。
Is either a sow that is finishing farrowing (the nursing piglets can be placed with the sow immediately after birth).
2. 或是完成分娩12个小时以上的母猪（前提是弱小 仔猪已从它们母亲那摄入了充足的初乳）。
Or is a sow that has farrowed min. 12 hours ago (if the piglets have received colostrum from their own mother).
3. “奶妈”母猪的乳头应该较小，这样有利于弱小的 仔猪吮乳。可以选择初产母猪或第二胎母猪。.
The nurse sow has small teats that present well to the piglets. It could be a gilt or a second parity sow
4. 选择比较安静的母猪。
The nurse sow is calm.
5. 将“奶妈”母猪转入最适合弱小仔猪生存环境的 产床。
The nurse sow is housed in a pen with an optimum environment for small piglets.
6. 如果有必要的话，在保温区装一个保温灯，在保 温区多铺一些垫料。
If necessary, put the heat lamp back in the pen and place a thick layer of bedding in the creep area.
7. 要确保“奶妈”母猪自己所产的仔猪在转走前或 从转入的母猪那里摄入足够的初乳。
It is essential that the nurse sow’s own piglets are assured of colostrum either before they are moved or from the recipient sow!
“奶妈”母猪已经接受了弱小仔猪
This nurse sow has accepted small piglets
并非所有仔猪都可以成功接近乳房
Not all piglets managed to get to the udder
10.2
对弱小仔猪的不当处理
Incorrect Handling Of Small Piglets.
1. 不要将最小的仔猪在出生后的第二天放入产 仔数较多的窝中，因为该环境会增加弱小仔 猪的死亡风险。
Do not place the smallest piglets in a large litter the day after they are born as this increases the risk of them dying.
2. 最小的仔猪太虚弱以致于无法抢到乳头，并 最终死亡。
The smallest piglets are so weak that they cannot get to the udder and die.
10.3
补充说明-弱小仔猪的“奶妈”母猪
Additional Comments - Nurse Sow For Underweight Piglets
在转移弱小仔猪前，评估这些仔猪是否能存活，是 否能够进行转移。
Before moving very small piglets, assess whether they are viable and able to handle being moved.
产后12小时不转移仔猪有利于摄入充足的初 乳。一种办法就是在转移最小仔猪前，将该窝分 成两群，分别由它们的母亲饲喂。或者，人工给 仔猪喂初乳。在仔猪摄入3x30ml初乳后，就可以 对它们进行转移等管理了（参见5-分娩管理和7- 初乳）。最好间隔一小时饲喂一次初乳。
Colostrum intake can be ensured by not moving the piglets before they are min. 12 hours old. Another option is to split the piglets into two groups while nursing with their own mother before the smallest piglets are moved. Alternatively, express colostrum for the piglets. The piglets will be able to manage when they have received 3 x 30 ml milk. See 5 - Supervision of farrowing and 7 - Colostrum. It is an advantage to supply colostrum with one hour intervals.
为了保证每头仔猪的初乳摄入，可以将最小仔猪 寄养在正在分娩的母猪处，然后将此母猪本身产 的较大的仔猪寄养在其它正在分娩的母猪处。参 见7-初乳。
Colostrum intake for all piglets can also be ensured by placing the smallest piglets with a sow that is farrowing. Place the large piglets of that sow with other sows that are also farrowing so that they are assured of colostrum. See 7 -Colostrum.
给弱仔安排“奶妈”母猪时，该母猪必须要有相应 的可供弱仔接触并吮得住的乳头。
A nurse sow for underweight piglets must have a set of teats that the smallest piglets can reach and get into their mouths.
应该选择安静的母猪作为 “奶妈” 母猪，这样便 于仔猪吃奶。通常初产母猪不如第二胎母猪安静， 因此，需要更多的刺激来使其开始泌乳。如果初 产母猪被用作 “奶妈” 母猪，最好给她最大的仔猪。
A nurse sow must be calm so that the small piglets can get to the udder. Often a first parity sow is less calm than a second parity sow and therefore needs more stimulation to start lactating. If a first parity sow is being used as a nurse sow, place the largest piglets with this sow.
应该保证母猪产床中气候适宜，确保仔猪处于温 暖的状态。母猪产床必须保持温暖、干燥、无气 流(参见13-仔猪的环境)。
The climate in the pen must be optimum so the piglets can stay warm. The pen must be warm, dry and draught-free (see 13 - The environment of the piglets).
仔猪的环境通过在保温区内安装保温灯，也可在 保温区外再加装一个保温灯来改善。垫料是提高 温度的好方法，但木屑不适合，因其可造成脐带 感染和脐疝增多。也可以安置额外的水槽来提供 饮水、电解质或其它一些供能物质（参见23-仔猪 的饲喂）。然而，因为肠道闭锁现象，仔猪出生 1.5天内不能供应电解质，否则将不能从初乳中吸 收母源抗体。
The environment of the piglets can be improved by letting the small piglets keep the heat lamp and perhaps installing an extra heat lamp outside the creep area. Bedding is an excellent method for increasing the temperature. Wood chips are not suitable as they may scratch and thereby increase the risk of umbilical infections and umbilical hernia. Also add an extra drinking trough for water, electrolyte or other energy sources. See 23 - Feeding of piglets. However, do not supply electrolytes after 1.5 days as the intestines may otherwise shut too soon and as a result the piglets will not be able to absorb antibodies from the colostrum.
如果将仔猪转移至一头正在分娩的母猪处寄养， 应确保该母猪本身所产的仔猪能够从其它母猪处 摄入足够的初乳，即分娩结束不超过12个小时的母猪。
If the nursing piglets are moved to a sow that is farrowing, the sow’s own piglets must be assured of colostrum from the sow they are moved to. The sow must have finished farrowing max. 12 hours earlier.
上图中反映的是仔猪出生重和死亡率之间的关系。出生重小于1kg的仔猪死亡率高，但即使是出生重在1-1.5kg的仔猪也仍然有较高的死亡率。
The figure illustrates the correlation between birth weight and the risk of a piglet dying. Piglets weighing less than 1 kg at birth have a high mortality, but even piglets weighing 1-1.5 kg have an increased risk of dying.
上表说明分娩后24小时内，初乳中的抗体含量呈迅速降低的趋势。
The table shows that the content of antibodies drops quickly within the first 24 hours.
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