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前言 Foreword
丹育猪以高产着名于世，但由于猪场建设、饲养管理等诸多方面的挑战，让丹育猪在中国的生产性能未能达到预期，但丹育种猪在中国养猪业的受青睐程度仍越来越高。猪译馆特收集整理了一系列丹育相关资料，目前正在转载由喜肉科技携手英联饲料和华扬种猪联合推出的丹麦养猪研究中心制作的丹育《产房管理手册》，敬请关注。
编者的话 Editor's Note
产房是一个猪场生产的中心，从产奶断奶的母猪的质量会影响到上游配怀母猪的性能，而仔猪的质量也会影响下游保育和育肥的生产指标，因此正确的产房管理是做好整个生产管理的基础。本手册将对产房的各项工作进行详细的讲解，其中很多章节图文并茂可以直接作为SOP使用。
21分娩后个体母猪喂料量的调整
INDIVIDUAL ADJUSTMENT OF A SOW’S FEED DOSE AFTER FARROWING
21.121.1必须单独调整每头母猪日饲喂量以确保采食量最佳。The Daily Feed Dose Must Be Adjusted Individually To Ensure An Optimum Feed Intake Of Each Sow.
早晨饲喂前清空料槽。Empty the troughs before the morning feeding. 确保所有母猪都起身采食。Check that all sows get up to eat. 喂料25-35分钟后检查料槽。Inspect the trough 25-35 minutes after feeding. 如果母猪将料槽舔净，增加饲喂量。Increase the feed dose if a sow has licked the trough completely. 如果母猪没有将料槽舔净，保持现在的饲喂量。Stay on the current feed dose if a sow has not licked the trough completely. 如果有饲料剩余，清空料槽，并且下次喂料时，要么停喂一次，要么减少饲喂量。Empty the trough if there is feed left and either skip the sow at the next feeding or reduce the feed dose.
当5-8%母猪的料槽需要清空时，这说明该群体的饲喂量达到最佳。如果超过5-8%的母猪未吃完料，那么她们的喂料量就过多。A good indication of whether the feed dose is optimum is when the troughs of 5-8 % of the sowsneed to be emptied. If more than 5-8 % of the sows have feed left in their trough, they are being fed too hard.
母猪将料槽彻底舔净— 增加饲喂量
This sow has completely licked the trough - increase the feed dose
这母猪没像上头母猪那样将料槽舔净—保持现在的饲喂量
This sow has not licked the trough quite as much as the sow above - stay on the current feed dose
21.2所有母猪都舔净料槽，则
All sows have licked their troughs
饲喂量太少，并且没有针对母猪个体情况进行调整，会增加其患肩伤的风险并且体况明显变差。
The feed dose is too low and feed is not adjusted by the individual sow resulting in a risk of shoulderpressures and signifificant loss of body condition
母猪的产奶潜能不能被充分发掘，并且会影响之后的繁殖性能。
The sows’ potential for milk production is not utilised and the subsequent reproduction is disrupted.
21.3
21.3 如果超过5-8%的料槽需要清空，则
If more than 5-8 % troughs need emptying
饲喂量太多。饲喂量每天增加多于0.5个母猪饲料单位，这会引起母猪采食量增加停止。
The feed dose is too high. It has been increased by more than 0.5 FUsow a day, which may cause thesows to stop.
如果母猪采食量增加停止，母猪的产奶潜能不能被充分发掘，并且会影响之后的繁殖性能。
If a sow stops, there is a great risk that the potential for milk production is not being utilised and thesubsequent reproduction is disrupted.
21.4 如果一头或一些母猪采食量增加停止，则
If One Or A Few Sows Stop
饮水供应不足。
Problems with water supply.
料槽或饲喂系统/料仓卫生状况不佳。
Problems with the hygiene in the feed trough or in the feeding system/silo.
阀门或饲料分配器设置不当以致母猪获得明显过量的饲料。
Incorrect setting of the valve/feed box so the sow is getting signifificantly more feed than expected.
母猪生病或有胃溃疡。
The sow is sick or suffffers from a gastric ulcer.
肥的母猪比体况适中母猪的采食量少。
Fat sows eat less than sows in appropriate body condition.
如果母猪将料槽舔净，说明饲喂量太少。
The feed dose is too low if the sow has licked the trough completely clean.
如果该母猪未吃完料—降低喂料量或下次喂料时停喂。
This sow has not eaten all of the feed - reduce the feed dose or skip feed for this sow at the next feeding
21.521.5 补充说明—分娩后个体母猪喂料量的调整Additional Comments - Individual Adjustment Of A Sow’s Feed Dose After Farrowing 一般而言，在28天的哺乳期内，母猪至少要采食 190个母猪饲料单位。35天的哺乳期内，母猪至少采食230个母猪饲料单位。In a 28-day-lactation period, sows should generally eat minimum 190 FUsow. In a lactation period of 35 days, sows should eat minimum 230 FUsow. 每天早晨喂料前清空料槽很重要，要不然不能确定母猪是否能吃完当次投喂的饲料。It is important to empty the troughs every morning before feeding the sows as it will otherwise not bepossible to check whether the sow eats the dose given. 每次饲喂时，确保每头母猪都获得了饲料，起身并开始采食。At each feeding, check that all sows get feed, get up and start eating. 必须由同一个人来负责饲喂量的调整，因为这必须每天以同样的方法完成。周末的时候不调整饲喂量，这使得周末工作更容易，且对母猪的生产几乎无影响。Only one person should be in charge of adjusting feed doses as this must be done in the same wayevery day. Leave out adjustment of the feed dose during weekends, which makes the supervision andweekend tasks easier and has very little effffect on the production of the sow. 如果不是每天调整饲喂量，而是一周调整3次，会加大每次的调整量，这会增加母猪采食量增加停止的风险。If you increase the feed dose three times a week instead of daily, it will be increased by a larger shareeach time and this increases the risk of the sow stopping. 每天增加0.25-0.5个母猪饲料单位的饲喂量。若每天增加超过0.5个母猪饲料单位可能会引起母猪采食量增加停止。Daily increase by 0.25 - 0.5 FUsow. Increases of more than 0.5 FUsow may cause the sow to stop. 液态饲料：Liquid feed 通过手持终端设备或掌上电脑来调整，并且根据饲喂曲线直接按母猪饲料单位或百分比来调整。Adjust via handheld terminal or PDA, and adjust directly in FUsow or in per cent compared with the feed chart. 干料：Dry feed 每次饲喂以升来计量饲喂量。Feeding takes place in the form of a certain amount of litre per feeding. 一般而言，如果母猪舔净料槽，则按照以下方式来增加饲喂量：As a general rule, increase as shown below if the sow licks the trough completely clean: 每天饲喂3次：每天增加0.25升或每隔一天增加0.5升。如果饲喂量已经很多，则每天增加量减半。3 daily feedings: 0.25 litre extra a day or 0.5 litre extra every other day. If the feed dose is high, reduce the daily increase by 50 %. 每天饲喂4次：每天增加0.2升或每隔一天增加0.4升。如果饲喂量已经很多，则每天增加量减半。4 daily feedings: 0.2 litre extra a day or 0.4 litre extra every other day. If the feed dose is high, reduce the daily increase by 50 %. 如果槽内90%的料被吃完，则说明饲喂量恰当。A trough that is licked 90 % clean is an indication that the feed dose is correct. 如果饲喂量高于母猪的食欲，母猪采食量的增加会停止。解决此问题的方法取决于猪群的性情和喂料系统：If the feed dose is higher than the sow’s appetite, the sow will stop. Options for solving this problemdepend on temper and feeding system in the herd: 液态饲料：Liquid feed 根据料槽内剩下料的百分比来降低饲喂量：Reduce the feed dose by a percentage corresponding to the what is left in the trough: 剩余20%饲料=根据饲喂曲线降低20%的饲喂量。20 % feed left = reduce the feed dose by 20 % compared with the feed chart. 如果剩料超过25%，不要降低超过饲喂曲线中25%的料。如果有必要，后一天继续降低。If more than 25% is left, do not reduce by more than 25 % from the chart. Reduce the day after, ifnecessary. 如果不使用饲喂曲线，根据残留的饲料量和分娩后的天数，按0.5-2.5个母猪饲料单位/天的量来调整。If you do not use a feed chart, regulate the feed dose by 0.5-2.5 FUsow a day depending on the amount left and days from farrowing. 为了使调整立即起效，降低饲喂量后立即清空料槽。For the adjustment to be effffective immediately, empty the trough immediately after reducing thefeed dose. 不要强制母猪吃剩余的料。Never force the sow to eat the feed left. 干料：Dry feed 上次饲喂剩余的料少于50%。关闭饲料分配器并且清空料槽。下次饲喂后，评估母猪是否维持现在的饲喂量还是降低饲喂量。该母猪只停喂一次。The sow has left less than 50 % of the feed of the last feeding. Shut offff the feed and empty the trough. Assess after the next feeding if the sow is ready to continue with the current feed dose or whether to reduce it. Only skip the sow once. 如果母猪未采食，不再喂料并且清空料槽。之后几天降低30-50%的饲喂量。注意必须按正常的速度增加饲喂量。If the sow has not eaten anything, shut offff the feed and empty the trough. Reduce the feed dose by30-50 % over the next days. Note that the feed dose must be increased at the same speed as normally. 每头母猪每天增加超过0.5个母猪饲料单位的饲喂量会增加母猪暂时采食量增加停止的风险。Increases of more than 0.5 FUsow per sow a day increase the risk of the sow stopping temporarily. 当上次喂料后有5-8%的料槽需要清空时，说明饲喂量最佳。An indication for optimum feed dose is when 5-8 % of the troughs need emptying of the feed from the last feeding. 注意饲喂量过高时—不管使用干料还是液态饲料，每天增加量都不要超过0.25个母猪饲料单位。Be careful with high feed doses - do not adjust by more than 0.25 FUsow a day regardless of whetheryou use dry feed or liquid feed.
22.哺乳母猪饲料的粉碎粒度
TEXTURE OF FEED FOR LACTATING SOWS
22.1哺乳母猪料的粉碎粒度对于胃部健康很重要。确保哺乳母猪较高的采食量，饲料的粉碎粒度同样很重要。Texture Of The Feed For Lactating Sows Is Important To Their Gastric Health. Texture Is Also Essential To Ensure A High Feed Intake Among Lactating Sows. 22.1哺乳母猪胃部健康的前提Prerequisites For A High Level Of Gastric Health In Lactating Sows 猪场在场内制作配合饲料时，必须检查谷物的粉碎粒度。Pig producers mixing feed on-farm must routinely check grinding of the grain. 购买的配合饲料里加入10-20%未经热处理的谷物压片或购买的膨化原料都可获得较好的粒度分布。Buyers of ready-mixed feed can obtain the right texture either by adding 10-20 % rolled notheat-treated grain or by purchasing expandate.
通过评估采食量、粪便的颜色、质地以及母猪是否苍白并且延伸健康检查（胃部）来检查母猪的胃部健康。Gastric health is routinely checked by evaluating feed intake, colour and texture of the manure and bychecking for pale sows and performing a “USK stomachs”. 母猪在生长过程中从未有过胃溃疡。The sow has never suffffered from gastric ulcers during growth
场内混合饲料时，养猪者通常使用布康筛。
The Bygholm sieve is frequently used by pig producers mixing feed on-farm
配合饲料，加入 10-20% 未经热处理的谷物压片或购买的膨化原料都可获得较好的粒度分布。
With ready-mixed feed, 10-20 % rolled not heat-treated barley or expandate give a good texture
22.2
22.2胃部健康不佳的症状:
Symptoms Of A Poor Level Of Gastric Health:
母猪的哺乳失重严重。Great loss of body condition in the farrowing facility. 很多母猪停止采食 , 并且在采食过程中可见呕吐现象。Too many sows stop eating, and vomiting may be seen during feeding. 有很多母猪有肩伤。Many cases of shoulder lesions. 哺乳母猪突然死亡。Sudden deaths among lactating sows. 毛竖立，皮苍白的母猪。Pale sows with spiky fur. 排出深色块状的粪便。Black and lumpy faeces behind the sows.
由于胃部健康状况不佳,母猪采食不足。
The sow has not had a suffiffifficient feed intake due to poor gastric health.
颗粒料的粒度对于母猪胃部功能无益
The texture of pelleted feed does not benefifits sows’ gastric function
22.3
22.3补充说明—哺乳母猪饲料的粉碎粒度
Additional Comments - Texture Of Feed For Lactating Sows
通常利用布康筛来检查场内配合日粮的粒度。Routinely check grinding of feed mixed on-farm with a Bygholm sieve. 每4周进行一次检查。在添加脂肪、矿物质和豆粕前筛谷物（大麦/小麦/燕麦）。Make a control screening every 4 weeks. Screen ground grain (barley / wheat / oats) before addingfat, minerals and soybean meal. 推荐使用的筛后结果记录表：Recommended screening profifile:
使用布康筛时，样品至少筛5分钟，否则样品的结果会比实际的粒度更大。When using the Bygholm sieve, it is important to shake the sample for min. 5 minutes as the samplewill otherwise seem coarser than it really is. 对于加工好的配合饲料，有一些确保粒度分布良好的方法：With ready-mixed feed, there are several opportunities for ensuring a good texture: 未经热处理的谷物：添加未经热处理或制粒的10-20%的谷物压片（通常是大麦），来保证胃部健康。理论上，在饲料管道中饲料会发生自动分级，但实际上很少发现。Not heat-treated grain: Add 10-20 % rolled grain (typically barley) that is neither heat-treated norpelleted to obtain a good level of gastric health. In theory, there is a risk of segregation in long feedpipes, but in practice very few problems are seen. 膨化原料：一些公司供应膨化原料，这些热处理饲料是通过膨化处理，而不是制粒过程，使得其质感类似于乳制品。这会增加采食量，保持良好的胃部健康，但是效果主要取决于饲料公司所采用的粉碎粒度。注意：膨化料的体积大于颗粒料体积，这会降低料仓的储存量。Expandate: Several companies offffer expandate, which is heat-treated feed that has been ledthrough an expander instead of through the pelleting process with a texture typically similar to toppings for dairy products. This results in a high feed intake and good gastric health, but the effffect is highly dependent on the degree of grinding used by the feed stuffff company. Note that the volume of the feed is larger than that of pelleted feed, which reduces the silo capacity. capacity. 评估胃部健康的常规方法：Routine evaluation of gastric health: 采食量：评估母猪在泌乳期间食欲是否良好以及哺乳失重是否在正常范围内。如果现在的采食量明显低于饲喂曲线，需要进行进一步的调查。Feed intake: Assess whether the sows have a good appetite during lactation and only have limited loss of body condition. Investigate further if the current feed intake is signifificantly lower than this. 粪便的颜色和质地：凝血块使粪便颜色变黑。有出血性胃溃疡的母猪会排出块状、黑色粪便。Colour and texture of manure: Clotted blood colours the manure black. Sows with bleeding gastric ulcers will therefore have black manure that is lumpy. 毛竖立、皮苍白的母猪：由于内出血，苍白的母猪可能有胃溃疡。如果发现这样的母猪很多，要进行进一步的调查。Pale sows and sows with spiky hair:Due to internal bleeding, a pale sow may suffffer from a gastric ulcer. Investigate further if many pale sows are observed. 如果母猪急性死亡率高，需要对死猪进行尸检，并与猪场兽医进行讨论。Post-mortem of dead sows if you have a high rate of acute deaths. Discuss this with the herd vet.
这组图片显示的是一头在产房中体况明显变差的母猪。之后的尸检显示，在胃部贲门腺区的溃疡上有大量的黑色凝血块。The picture shows a pale sow with a great loss of body condition in the farrowing facility. The subsequent post-mortem revealed large amounts of clotted blood (black) from an ulcer in the white part of the stomach. 胃部的延伸健康检查可以反映猪群中现有猪的胃部健康状况。实际生产中，可通过对15-30头屠宰母猪的胃部进行检查，来查看猪群的胃部健康状况。兽医会帮助进行胃部的延伸健康检查。An extended health control of stomachs may give an indication of the current gastric health among the animals in the herd. In practice, this is done during post-mortems by examining stomachs from 15-30 slaughter sows. The herd vet will help get started on an extended health control of stomachs. 胃部健康和胃部变化频率都受到饲料粉碎粒度的影响。粉碎粒度粗的饲料会降低高达10%的饲料 转化率，但应该被看成是一种投资。饲料中纤维含量和秸秆等垫料同样有益于胃部健康。目前研究表明，对于后备母猪而言，100千克的饲料中必须含有240克膳食纤维才能拥有良好的胃部健康。后备母猪从70公斤左右开始就需要这样的饲料。Gastric health and thereby also the frequency of gastric changes are affffected by the grinding of thefeed. Coarse grinding reduces feed conversion by up to 10 %, but should also be seen as an investment. The fifibre content of the feed and allocation of straw also have positive effffects on gastric health. Current studies show that feed must contain 240 g dietary fifibre per 100 kg for gilts to have a satisfactory gastric health. Gilts need such a diet from they weigh approx. 70 kg.
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